Answer :
Final answer:
Atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact by sharing, accepting, or donating electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
Explanation:
Atoms with incomplete valence shells can interact with other atoms in three ways with respect to their electrons:
- Sharing electrons: Atoms can form covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows both atoms to achieve a full outer shell. For example, in a water molecule, two hydrogen atoms share electrons with one oxygen atom.
- Accepting electrons: Atoms can gain electrons from another atom, forming an ionic bond. This occurs when a positively charged atom (cation) attracts a negatively charged atom (anion). For example, sodium (Na) can accept an electron from chlorine (Cl) to form sodium chloride (NaCl).
- Donating electrons: Atoms can lose electrons and donate them to another atom. This also forms an ionic bond, with the electron donor becoming a cation and the recipient becoming an anion. For example, magnesium (Mg) can donate two electrons to oxygen (O) to form magnesium oxide (MgO).
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