Which best describes Tufte's principle of graphical integrity?

A. How accurately the media portrays scientific findings and data
B. How accurately visualizations represent observed data and effects
C. How persuasive a visualization is to an audience
D. How effectively visualizations support the scientist's hypotheses
E. How accurately scientists describe their data and findings in writing

Tufte's principle of graphical integrity is about ensuring that data visualizations accurately and ethically represent the observed data and effects, without distortion or manipulation. So the correct option is (B) How accurately visualizations represent observed data and effects.

Explanation:

Tufte's principle of graphical integrity refers to how accurately visualizations represent the observed data and effects. The purpose of these visuals, such as scatter plots, bar charts, and maps, is to present a clear and truthful picture of the data without manipulation or distortion.

The aim is to show the data and avoid misleading the viewer about what the data says, such as overstating or understating the visual effect to influence interpretation. Ensuring graphical integrity means that visuals are designed to encourage the viewer to focus on the data content and not be distracted by elaborate graphical design or production methods.

Ethical presentation of visuals is crucial, as they should present data accurately, induce viewers to think about the data substance, avoid data distortion, present many numbers in a small space, make large data sets coherent, encourage data comparison, and reveal the data at various levels of detail.