Answer :
Final answer:
The 'hard problem' Appiah investigates encompasses the challenges of labor and production in a postcapitalist society, including the issues of technical change towards automation, alienation under capitalism, and the division of labor with its social and personal implications. Hence the correct option is d. All of the above
Explanation:
The 'hard problem' that Appiah investigates relates to the complex issues surrounding labor and production in a postcapitalist society, especially in the context of technical change and the quest for perfect automation. The debates within the Left since the Industrial Revolution revolve around this challenge. On the one hand, there's the problem arising from developing technology and the need to satisfy human beings through work. On the other hand, there is the issue of alienation under capitalism, as highlighted by Marx's writings. Marx's idea of alienation discusses how work, under certain conditions, becomes estranged and dehumanizing. Furthermore, the division of labor and its ethical implications, as discussed by Socrates, lead to a society where each person's natural aptitudes determine their work, hopefully leading to more and better-quality goods.
Lastly, there is an exploration of the effects of division of labor on social inequality and personal fulfillment, hinting at the trade-offs between economic efficiency and individual well-being. The notion of economic problem weaves through these discussions, underscoring the tension between limited resources and unlimited human desires. Referring to the excerpts, one could argue that all the issues listed in the multiple-choice options (a, b, and c) collectively contribute to the hard problem of labor and production in a society eager to resolve the economic problem.
