Answer :
Final answer:
The protection against excessive fines is found in the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits not only excessive bail and cruel punishment but also fines that are disproportionate to the offense. This amendment serves as a safeguard against government overreach in the penal system. Hence, the answer to the question is option 'd'.
Explanation:
Understanding the Eighth Amendment
The guarantee of protection against excessive fines is part of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Eighth Amendment specifically prohibits not only excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment but also excessive fines. This was established to ensure that punishment is proportional to the crime and to prevent the government from using fines as a means to oppress individuals.
Examples of Excessive Fines
For instance, if a minor infraction incurs a disproportionately high fine relative to the violation, it could be challenged under the Eighth Amendment. This constitutional protection thus serves as a check against potential abuses of power by the state, ensuring fairness within the legal system.
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