Answer :
Research on patient HM, who underwent surgical removal of the medial temporal lobe (including the hippocampus) to treat his severe epilepsy, has revealed that though declarative-explicit memory can be impaired, procedural-implicit memory can remain normal.
Declarative-explicit memory refers to conscious and intentional memory for facts, events, and experiences that can be verbally expressed. On the other hand, procedural-implicit memory refers to the unconscious and unintentional memory for skills, habits, and procedures that can be performed without conscious awareness or verbal expression. The medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus, is crucial for the formation and consolidation of declarative-explicit memory. Therefore, HM's surgery resulted in severe anterograde amnesia, which means he was unable to form new declarative-explicit memories after the surgery. However, his procedural-implicit memory for skills such as drawing, mirror tracing, and rotary pursuit remained intact, and he could improve his performance on these tasks over time without being aware of it.
This dissociation between declarative-explicit memory and procedural-implicit memory in patient HM has been replicated in many other studies with similar patients and has led to significant advances in our understanding of the neural and cognitive mechanisms of memory. It has also highlighted the importance of different memory systems and their interactions in everyday life and clinical settings. In summary, research on patient HM has revealed that though declarative-explicit memory can be impaired, procedural-implicit memory can remain normal. This finding has significant implications for our understanding of memory and its neural bases and for the diagnosis and treatment of memory-related disorders.
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Final answer:
Patient HM's experiences revealed that, while his declarative-explicit memory (memory of facts and events) was impaired due to the removal of his medial temporal lobe, his procedural-implicit memory (type of long-term memory for making skilled actions) remained normal. Memory types involve different parts of the brain, with procedural-implicit memory, unlike declarative-explicit memory, not being reliant on the medial temporal lobe.
Explanation:
Research on Patient HM, who lost his medial temporal lobe, including the Hippocampus, due to surgery has enabled us to understand several aspects of memory. The correct answer to the question is D) declarative-explicit memory; procedural-implicit memory.
Declarative-explicit memory is the type of memory that consists of facts and events we experience, and it primarily involves the temporal lobe and the hippocampus.
After HM's surgery, he could not form new semantic or episodic memories, marking an impairment in his declarative-explicit memory. He was unable to remember people he met after the surgery and could not recognize places or events that occurred after it, meaning his capability to form new conscious memories was no longer operational.
On the other hand, procedural-implicit memory is the kind of long-term memory for skills and procedures, often described as 'know-how' memory—for instance, knowing how to ride a bike, tie shoelaces, or make coffee. It involves parts of the brain such as the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex. Though HM could not recall experiences, his condition did not affect his procedural-implicit memory. He could still form new procedural memories. He showed improvements in solving puzzles even though he did not remember solving them before, implying that procedural action-based memories were still functioning normally.
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